Why was Selina Kyle's character included in the Dark knight Rises?

Selina Kyle's importance I believe that Nolan went with adding Catwoman/Selina Kyle to the movie as a way to help Bruce out of the darkness he has put himself into. After becoming injured while trying to save Gordon's son from Harvey Dent, Bruce lives away from society. This is because he cannot see a life outside of being Batman, which he has since given up; his only motivation to put away his Batman persona was to be with Rachel, and since her death, he lacks the drive to move forward. This becomes aparent in the conversation Bruce has with Alfred after Bruce investigates Selina Kyle in the Batcave.

In interviews I recall from the Blu Ray in the "A Girl's Gotta Eat" segment, Bale and Nolan comment that Selina one of the few people who Bruce does not feel he needs to put on a mask for. She does not find him intimidating as the rich and mysterious recluse Bruce Wayne, and is not afraid of him while he is Batman. Bale himself says in the segment that Bruce finds her "amusing", and Bruce feels comfortable enough to view her as an equal to himself.

Her importance to Bruce and their developing relationship may also play into the final scenes of the movie. Prior to being put into the prison by Bane, Bruce did not fear death. Once he realizes that he has to be, this drive helps him to make the jump to climb out of the pit. This fear of death also plays into why he is not able to die with the reactor, and instead fix the autopiolt, and in the end, be with Selina. Although it is only speculation, I think it can be fair to say that one of the reasons he had to live was to be with her.

In conclusion, Nolan added Selina as a character that would give Bruce the drive needed to not only become Batman again in order to later save Gotham, but also the female equal he longs for that will give him a will to live.

Why did Lord Baelish betray Eddard Stark?

Peter Beaelish wants one thing: power. He is the son of a very minor lord with very poor holdings. He grew up seeing the love of his life get married to someone else with a more powerful family name. He knows that he can never actually rule in name, but he wants to be at least the real power behind the throne. For that to happen he needs to setup a puppet king that he can control.

So Lord Beaelish's plan was to back Joffrey's claim to the throne and isolate him from his mother (and the Lannisters) with Lord Stark serving as Joffrey's regent since he is under-aged. In return for this he expected to become Lord Stark's right hand man, giving him a great amount of power especially given Stark's limited political skills.

But Lord Stark had other ideas. He wanted to expose Joffrey's parentage and install Stannis Baratheon and the new king of Westeros. Lord Baelish knew Stannis very well from serving with him in the Small Council. Stannis is a humorless man who had no patience for his scheming and was someone he could not easily manipulate, thus costing him a great amount of power and influence. This was, to him, unacceptable.

So Lord Baelish sided with the Lannisters and helped them foil Stark's plan. Now he has the trust of the Lannisters with all the influence that gives him. The Lannisters are nothing if not generous to those loyal to them, and through further services to the Lannisters he is awarded with the lordship of Harrenhall.

single word requests - A Noun which describes an ignorant person accusing a well-informed opponent of ignorance?

The first word that comes to my mind is uppity.

You must be careful when using this, however, especially if your opponent is black, lest ye be accused of racism.

The word was once used commonly as a pejorative term against slaves who disobeyed / tried to outsmart their masters, but its actual meaning has nothing to do with race and everything to do with status.

In this context, one is uppity because they are placing themselves in a higher position than one who is clearly more educated (= of higher contextual status) than they are.

Sources:

Merriam-Webster

Urban Dictionary

If you want something a bit more politically correct and sophisticated, try pretentious. If your intent is to insult your opponent, you may add an intensifier of your choice.

grammar - "-ing" verb + gerund

"By avoiding doing something" is the correct form.

Depending on the meaning required, verbs will either need to be followed by a present participle (gerund) or by an infinitive form:

"Preparing to do something", "I prepared to do something", "To prepare
to do something", etc.

The choice of present participle or infinitive depends entirely on the preceding verb, and will be the same regardless of the form that verb takes.

(Note that there are some verbs where either pres. ppl. or infinitive is possible:

"I hate doing this", "I hate to do this"

Usually in such cases the meaning is different depending on which is used.)

There's more info on this here and here. The former gives examples of verbs that can take either gerund or infinitive, with a note of the change in meaning between the two.

Why do the Scots start chanting "Maccaulich" after their first victory?

In the script of the movie Braveheart (Section 9) the Scots are chanting "MacAulish, MacAulish, WALLACE, WALLACE!" The term "Mac" means "son of", and "Aulish" is intended to be a variation of the Medieval Gaelic name "Uallas" (later translated to the Anglican, "Wallace"). Where the writers got the spelling "Aulish" is anyone's guess. Perhaps they were just trying to simplify the name for literary purposes. At any rate, essentially the Scots are chanting "MacUallas!" or "Son of Wallace" which then morphs into "Wallace!"

I found this on http://www.moviemistakes.com/film207/questions

Language of the Moria password in The Fellowship of the Ring

That gate to Moria was created in the "Second Age" of Middle Earth, and was used to trade mithril with the Noldorian Elves of Eregion. Relations between the Elves and the Dwarves were more cordial in the Second Age. The inscription and password on the gate created by Celebrimbor, the leader of the Noldor, hence is in elvish. Celebrimbor also forged the 3 Elvish rings of power.

[This is all in the Silmarillion]

In The Fellowship of the Ring, the inscription on the door reads:

Im Narvi hain echant. Celebrimbor o Eregion teithant i thiw hin

"I, Narvi, made them. Celebrimbor of Eregion drew these signs"

(taken from Wikipedia, I hope it is accurate). So Narvi the dwarf built the gate, and Celebrimbor drew the lettering and the cast the spell which only opens when the password is given.

Expression to use when you are not dressed or otherwise ready to meet someone

What is the English expression to ask someone if he/she is dressed and "presentable", in the sense that he/she is tidy enough to meet someone else? The word "dressed" does not convince me, because its meaning covers only clothes, and one might think of being not "presentable", for example, if hair are not combed.

Example: imagine someone knocking at the door of your bedroom and asking "X is here to meet you, are you [dressed]?".

Example, from the opposite side: someone knocks at the door of your bedroom and asks "May I come in?", and you answer "No, I'm not [dressed]".