Sunday, 13 July 2008

pr.probability - Reference request for a "well-known identity" in a paper of Shepp and Lloyd

So one of the approaches to proving the equality in the question is via the following three steps:
First differentiate both sides of the equation to see that they agree up to a constant. This reduces to showing the case of x=1, for which logx=0.



Next we apply integration by parts to get
intinfty1exp(y)/ydyint10frac1exp(y)ydy=intinfty0exp(y)logydy



Finally observe that Gamma(1) equals the RHS, by differentiating under the integral sign, valid because things are decaying fast enough at infinity.



So it remains to show Gamma(1)=gamma. I saw a soft argument (i.e., without using infinite product) in the link scipp.ucsc.edu/~haber/ph116A/psifun_10.pdf
This is re-exposed below:



first we establish that for Psi(x)=logGamma(x),
Psi(x+1)=Psi(x)+1/x


This is easy enough since we have we have the functional equation Gamma(x+1)=xGamma(x).
Next using stirling approximation we get



Psi(x+1)=(x+1/2)logxx+1/2log2pi+O(1/x)


and then they differentiate this and claim that O(1/x)=O(1/x2), which is clearly false (take f(x)=1/xcos(ex)). But I found in Wikipedia another formula that gives the precise error term in terms of an integral of the monotone function arctan(1/x). So this is enough to establish O(1/x2) for the error term in the derivative of Psi. So we get the asymptotics limxtoinftyPsi(x+1)=log(x), from which we get Psi(1)=gamma. Now notice Psi(x)=Gamma(x)/Gamma(x), and Gamma(1)=1, so Gamma(1)=gamma also.

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