Let Pn be independent variables which are 1 with probability 1/logn and 0 with probability 1−1/logn and let
Pi(x)=sumnleqxPn.
Then Cram'{e}r showed that, almost surely,
limsupxrightarrowinftyfrac|Pi(x)−elli(x)|sqrt2xsqrtfracloglogxlogx=1
where
elli(x)=intx2fracdtlogt.
See page 20 here: http://www.dms.umontreal.ca/~andrew/PDF/cramer.pdf
Edit: H. L. Montgomery has given an unpublished probabilistic argument that suggests
limsupxrightarrowinftyfrac|psi(x)−x|sqrtx(logloglogx)2=frac12pi.
This is announced in: H.L. Montgomery, "The zeta function and prime numbers," Proceedings of the Queen's Number Theory Conference, 1979, Queen's Univ., Kingston, Ont., 1980, 1-31.
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