cellular respiration - Why do red blood cells contain haemoglobin and not myoglobin?

Just to expand slightly on the answer by Jack Aidley:

Have a look at this section from Stryer's Biochemistry text book, particularly Fig 10.17, where you can see that haemoglobin has evolved to have a high affinity for oxygen at the O₂ concentrations present in the lungs, but a low affinity at the O₂ concentrations present in the peripheral tissues. This is achieved by binding oxygen co-operatively. This means that haemoglobin can release 60-70% of its bound oxygen. Under the same conditions myoglobin, were it be used in red blood cells as an oxygen carrier, would release much less.

Incidentally the Figure linked to shows a comparison between haemoglobin and a hypothetical protein which shows 50% saturation at the same concentration of oxygen but which binds oxygen non-cooperatively (like myoglobin).

A more direct comparison of haemoglobin and myoglobin - found here - is shown below:

edit added to respond to shigeta's response

I don't understand some of the statements from shigeta so here are my views - if I am wrong, I would (genuinely) like to be corrected, since I have to teach this stuff.

..."what is particularly useful about Hb's cooperativity is that the last oxygen is harder to pull off the Hb tetramer than the first."

This statement contradicts my understanding of the oxygen-binding behaviour of haemoglobin. In the deoxygenated state the protein is in the conformation known as the T (for tense) state, and this is a low affinity state. The binding of an oxygen molecule to one of the haem groups in one of the globin subunits of the tetramer increases the affinity, so that subsequent binding of oxygen becomes easier. The details of how this happens are still debated, but I think what I have said so far is accepted by everyone.

Here is an equation to represent the binding of the first oxygen molecule to the haemoglobin tetramer:

O₂ + [Hb]₄ <--> [Hb₄]O₂

If deoxygenated Hb has a low affinity for oxygen then that equilibrium must lie to the left hand side - in other words the right to left reaction (release) is faster than the right to left reaction (binding). This is not consistent with the idea that haemoglobin hangs on to its last oxygen.

"The heart, which is the first organ in the blood cycle after the lungs uses a lot of oxygen - if hemoglobin were not cooperative, it might take all the oxygen from hemoglobin just after the beat when it uses oxygen when in distress, creating a block of hemoglobin which is completely without bound oxygen."

This is based on an erroneous view of the circulation - it implies that all of the blood passes through the coronary artery before getting to the rest of the body. Oxygenated blood leaves the heart via the aorta. Although it is true that the first branch off the aorta is the coronary artery, most of the blood doesn't enter this branch, but proceeds into the remainder of the circulation. In this sense the coronary circulation (by which I mean coronary artery>coronary veins - the heart's own blood supply) is in parallel with the rest of the circulatory system, not in series with it. At rest, just 5% of the heart's output goes into the coronary circulation.

According to this review, Regulation of Coronary Blood Flow During Exercise, (I am simplifying a lot here, but this statement does appear in the review and is not taken out of context): "Increased myocardial oxygen demands during exercise are met principally by augmenting coronary blood flow." At rest the heart is already extracting most of the oxygen from its blood supply (see here for some interesting data) so again there is no question of the heart extracting much more - it simply needs more blood, and of course the increased heart rate will contribute to this. There is also scope for directing a greater proportion of heart output through the coronary circulation, but I have been unable to find any quantitative statements about that. Interestingly, if you take a look at the data in the 1st table of the data here you will see that, at rest, 22% of the heart's output goes into the renal circulation, but that much less oxygen is extracted from that blood (about one ninth of how much is extracted from the blood going through the cardiac circulation). This represents a source of potential increased blood to be diverted to the heart at the expense of a reduction in renal filtration.

"Also - Hemoglobin is pretty clearly an evolutionary adaptation where four myoglobins came together to form a cooperative oxygen binder, so at one time probably myoglobin was the oxygen carrier. There are some primitive animals which have no distinct hemoglobin, just myoglobin like carriers."

I agree it is clear that haemoglobin and myoglobin evolved from a monomeric myoglobin-like ancestor, and that the appearance of a tetrameric molecule created the potential for co-operative oxygen binding. I am not as convinced by the rest of the sentence. I think we have to agree first on what we mean by an oxygen carrier. What I mean is a protein that is a component of a circulatory system. I know of no evidence that a myoglobin like molecule could perform this function. This arises directly from the shape of a simple binding curve (a rectangular hyperbola). For the protein to be saturable at atmospheric oxygen concentrations it has to have a certain K_d, and this precludes significant release of oxygen at physiologically useful concentrations. You either have a protein which can unload effectively but will not ever become saturated with oxygen, or you have a molecule that is able to become saturated but cannot ever unload except at every low oxygen concentrations. That is the remarkable thing about haemoglobin - the appearance of cooperative binding allowed for a more switch-like interconversion between a high affinity state, for loading up, and a low-affinity state, for unloading.

Now, if you wish to include intracellular oxygen transport in your definition of "carrier" then we enter a whole other debate about the role of myoglobin, but I have gone on for far too long already, so I'll stop there.