dna - How are atoms in benzopyridines and benzopurines numbered?

This is a question of chemical nomenclature and the principle source for this is the IUPAC (IUBMB in case of biological molecules; but not in this case). You can find all hetero-ring nomenclature references on the IUPAC web site:

http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/

http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/79/r79_702.htm

(I'm skipping the actual naming step)

Numbering is actually done according to
http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/79/r79_72.htm

That means, if you take the skeleton without hetero atoms, you start

in a clockwise direction commencing with the carbon atom not engaged
in ring-fusion in the most counter-clockwise position of the uppermost
ring, or if there is a choice, of the uppermost ring farthest to the
right, and omitting atoms common to two or more rings.

Now, if there are more than one possibility due to symmetry, you chose the numbering that gives the heteros the smallest possible numbers (this means your purines would be actually wrongly numbered if they weren't an exception---see the List of retained names).

So, we have finally in dxC and dxT the start at the lower nitrogen, going anti-clockwise (the other N at 3, methyl at 6, ribose at 8), and in dxA and dxG similarly the start at the lower right N, going anti-clockwise with other Ns at 3, 6, and 8, and ribose at 8, as well.