I'm going to post a quick answer here, really a thought piece.
Usually to detect a sound wave you need a sounding board about the wavelength of the sound.
Bacteria are on the order of a few microns in length.
Ultrasound frequencies range from 2 to 200 MHz (and up I assume).
To have a wavelength on the order of 3 microns, a 100 MHz wave would be needed.
So only on the very high end of the range. If bacteria make sound though, they probably are on this frequency range.
I wonder if this has been looked at? Not sure it has. While in biology you never say never - if a bacterium really needs to pick up a wave it might have a clever adaptation to do so, but in the 100MHz + frequency range seems more likely.
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