Given a function psi:mathbbRtomathbbR,
set
Psi=psicircmathrmdistpartialM,f=Psicdot(R−mathrmdistp)
for some fixed R>mathrmdiamM.
Further,
df=(R−mathrmdistp)cdotdPsi−Psicdotdmathrmdistp
Thus, we may choose smooth increasing psi,
such that psi(0)=0
and it is constant outside of little nbhd of 0 so that
Psi is smooth.
(It is possible since the function mathrmdistpartialM is smooth and has no critical points in a small neighborhood of partialM.)
Note that dPsi is positive muliple of dmathrmdistpartialM.
Thus dxf=0 means that geodesic from x to p goes directly in the direction of minimizing geodesic from x to partialM, which can not happen.
Now we can apply Morse theory for f...
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