Here is a (tautological) proof in the setting of quasi-categories. Let A be a quasi-category. In ordinary category theory, one can describe the category of presheaves of sets over small category C as the full subcategory of Cat/C spanned by Grothendieck fibrations wih discrete fibers. A quasi-category version would consist to say that a presheaf over a quasi-category A is a Grothendieck fibration (cartesian fibration in Lurie's terminology), whose fibers are infty-groupoids (this the way of being discrete in the higher setting). Such fibrations are simply the right fibrations.
More precisely, a model for the theory of presheaves (or infty-stacks) over A is the model category of simplicial sets over A, in which the fibrant objects are right fibrations XtoA, while the cofibrations are the monomorphisms. The weak equivalences between two right fibrations over A are simply the fiberwise categorical equivalence (for the different models for the theory of stacks over a quasi-category, see §5.1.1 in Lurie's book). From this point of view, the representable stacks over A are the right fibrations XtoA such that X has a terminal object. If a is an object (0-cell) of A, there is a canonical right fibration A/atoA (from the general theory of joins): this is the representable stack associated to a. You can also construct a model of A/a by taking a fibrant replacement of the map a:Delta[0]toA (seen as an object of SSet/A). This model category has the good taste of being a simplicial model category. In particular, you have a simplicially enriched Hom, which I will denote here by MapA, and which can be described as follows. If X and Y are two simplicial sets over A, there is a simplicial set MapA(X,Y) of maps from X to Y over A: if underlineHom is the internal Hom for simplicial sets, then MapA(X,Y) is simply the fiber of the obvious map underlineHom(X,Y)tounderlineHom(X,A) over the 0-cell corresponding to the structural map XtoA. If Y is fibrant (i.e. YtoA is a right fibration), then MapA(X,Y) is a Kan complex (because it is the fiber of a right fibration, hence of a conservative inner Kan fibration), which is the mapping space of maps from X to Y for this model structure on Sset/A. MapA is a Quillen functor in two variables with value in the usual model category of simplicial sets.
If a is an object of A, seen as a map a:Delta[0]toA, i.e. as an object of SSet/A, then for any right fibration FtoA, we see that MapA(a,F) is isomorphic to Fa, that is the fiber of the map FtoA at a (which is also an homotopy fiber for the Joyal model structure). Considering the weak equivalence from a:Delta[0]toA to A/atoA, we also have a weak equivalence of Kan complexes
MapA(A/a,F)oversetsimtoMapA(a,F)=Fa,.
This gives the full Yoneda lemma.
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