Here's a proposed sketch of an approach. I hope it actually works... [EDIT: it doesn't, as it stands. I guess the main take-away from the rough outline below is that whatever the answer is for graphs should carry over to manifolds].
First, we can prove an appropriate analog in the category of graphs. Let G be a base graph and tildeG a connected m-cover of G in the combinatorial sense (the mapping takes vertices to vertices and edges to edges, and preserves local neighborhoods). It's useful to visualize tildeG this as a set of discrete fibers over the vertices of G, the vertices of which can be aribtrarily numbered 1,ldots,m. Now the edge-fibers correspond to permutations in Sm. Also notice that we may relabel the vertex fibers in order to make certain edge fibers "flat", meaning the corresponding permutation is the identity. This can simultaneously be done for a set of edges of G which contain no cycle, such as a path (or a tree).
Given two vertices tildex,tildey in tildeG, there's a path P of length at most d between their projections x,y in G. We may assume that the permutations over the edges in P are trivial. A path from tildex to tildey can now be formed by navigating across the floors (at most d steps in each trip [EDIT: could be worse, since as you move to a new floor you're not guaranteed to land on the path]) and among the floors (at most m steps overall), yielding md+m steps in total. Sorry this is so vague but it's really quite simple if you draw a picture.
Now m(d+1) is a bit too large (we want md) but this can't be helped in the category of graphs: for example, the hexagon (diameter 3) is a 2-cover of the triangle (diameter 1). But this is just because the triangle misrepresents the true diameter of the underlying geometry, which is really 3/2. To resolve this nuisance, apply the procedure above to a fine subdivision of G (and tildeG), which make dtoinfty and the ratio is brought back to the desired m.
Next, consider simplicial complexes of higher dimension. It seems to me that if X is a sufficiently nice topological space triangluated by a simplicial complex K, then the diameter of X can be well approximated by the diameter of the 1-skeleton of a sufficiently fine subdivision of K. Is this true? Given two points in X and a long path between them, if the path is close to a PL one than this should be the case. I hope that if X is not too pathological, its diameter is represented by a tame path.
Finally, I would hope that a general Riemannian manifold (or some other kind of space for which we need to prove this) can be effectively triangulated, although this extends beyond my off-the-top-of-my-head knowledge.
Can something like this work?
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