pr.probability - Range of binomial probability, given a certain number of observations?

1.The answer to your specific question can be found in the Wikipedia page:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_proportion_confidence_interval

The idea of estimating a distribution parameter is to construct a random variable
whose expectation is the parameter needed to be estimated. In your example, we want to estimate the success probability of a Bernoulli distribution and we construct a binomially distributed random variable by repeated trials. The key point is that the new random variable has the same average (after normalizing by n) but its standard deviation is smaller (by a factor of sqrt(n)) which gives better bounds on the estimated value. The confidence level is just a percetile of the distribution of the random variable used for the estimation (in your example you chose 50%).The interval size is a function of the percentile. The estimated value p* = k/n is inside the interval but the interval is not symmetric in general around this value. In the Wikipedia page, several approximations for large n are given, based on the central limit theorem, which are usually used in real-life estimations.

2.The above solution assumes prior knowledge that the distribution of a single trial is Bernoulli and that the trials are independent. Usually, one needs some prior knowledge to infere a statistical parameter. Specifically in your question, prior knowldge would be that the coin flips are independent, or that at after some flip the success probability p had changed, etc.