Sunday, 29 July 2012

co.combinatorics - Is there a combinatorial reason that the (-1)st Catalan number is -1/2?

The nth Catalan number can be written in terms of factorials as
Cn=(2n)!over(n+1)!n!.


We can rewrite this in terms of gamma functions to define the Catalan numbers for complex z:
C(z)=Gamma(2z+1)overGamma(z+2)Gamma(z+1).

This function is analytic except where 2n+1,n+2, or n+1 is a nonpositive integer -- that is, at n=1/2,1,3/2,2,ldots.



At z=2,3,4,ldots, the numerator of the expression for C(z) has a pole of order 1, but the denominator has a pole of order 2, so limztonC(z)=0.



At z=1/2,3/2,5/2,ldots, the denominator is just some real number and the numerator has a pole of order 1, so C(z) has a pole of order 1.



But at z=1:
- Gamma(2z+1) has a pole of order 1 with residue 1/2;
- Gamma(z+2)=1;
- Gamma(z+1) has a pole of order 1 with residue 1.
Therefore limzto1C(z)=1/2, so we might say that the 1st Catalan number is 1/2.



Is there an interpretation of this fact in terms of any of the countless combinatorial objects counted by the Catalan numbers?

No comments:

Post a Comment