The nth Catalan number can be written in terms of factorials as
Cn=(2n)!over(n+1)!n!.
We can rewrite this in terms of gamma functions to define the Catalan numbers for complex z:
C(z)=Gamma(2z+1)overGamma(z+2)Gamma(z+1).
This function is analytic except where 2n+1,n+2, or n+1 is a nonpositive integer -- that is, at n=−1/2,−1,−3/2,−2,ldots.
At z=−2,−3,−4,ldots, the numerator of the expression for C(z) has a pole of order 1, but the denominator has a pole of order 2, so limztonC(z)=0.
At z=−1/2,−3/2,−5/2,ldots, the denominator is just some real number and the numerator has a pole of order 1, so C(z) has a pole of order 1.
But at z=−1:
- Gamma(2z+1) has a pole of order 1 with residue 1/2;
- Gamma(z+2)=1;
- Gamma(z+1) has a pole of order 1 with residue 1.
Therefore limzto−1C(z)=1/2, so we might say that the −1st Catalan number is −1/2.
Is there an interpretation of this fact in terms of any of the countless combinatorial objects counted by the Catalan numbers?
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