Generally, live is an attributive adjective, and alive is used as a predicate adjective; in other words, live is usually placed directly before the noun, and alive is generally not.
These are live goldfish.
These goldfish are alive.
The ODO's definition of live (sense 1) and alive (sense 1) are "[attributive] not dead or inanimate; living" and "[predic.] living, not dead".
There are several other differences in shades of meaning, some of which you can figure out by looking at the rest of the definitions, but this is the main difference. There are also exceptions to this rule; for example, if you are talking about real-time broadcasting, electrical wires, or ammunition, you always use live, even in predicate position.
This is live television.
Watch what you say; this television broadcast is live.
Live from New York, it's Saturday Night!
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