terminology - Is there a name for this property of a topology?

In spaces where singleton points are closed, your property is equivalent to saying that the space has no isolated points. Or in other words, that it is perfect.

Clearly, no space with an isolated point can have your property. Conversely, when singletons are closed, then you can subtract one point from any open set and thereby have a proper open subset. So if U has at least 2 points x,y, then U = U-{x} union U-{y}, giving an instance with I of size 2.

However, your property does not imply that points are closed, since the space on reals R, where open sets have the form (-infty, a), has your property, but points are not closed in this space.