rt.representation theory - Is there a machinery describing all the irreducible representations ?

The problem of classifying irreducible $sl_2(mathbb C)$-representations is essentially
untractable as it contains a wild subproblem. Indeed, the action of the Casimir
element $C$ on any irreducible representation is by a complex scalar (by a
theorem of Quillen I believe). If we consider the case when $C$ acts by zero, by
a result of Beilinson-Bernstein the category of $sl_2$-representations with
$C=0$ is equivalent to the category of quasi-coherent $mathcal D_{mathbf
P^1}$-modules. In this $1$-dimensional case every irreducible $mathcal
D_{mathbf P^1}$-module is holonomic. If we restrict ourselves to irreducible
regular holonomic modules we have two possibilities. One case is that they are
supported at a single point and then the point is a complete invariant. In the
other case they are classified by a finite collection of points of $mathbf P^1$
and equivalence classes of irreducible representation of the fundamental group
of the complement of the points which map the monodromy elements of the points
non-trivially. In particular we can consider the case of three points in which
case the fundamental group is free on two generators (they and the inverse of
their product being the three monodromy elements). The irreducible
representations where one of the monodromy elements act trivially correspond to
removing the corresponding point and thinking of the representation as a
reprentation of the fundamental group of that complement.

Hence, we can embed the category of finite-dimensional representations of the
free group on two elements as a full subcategory closed under kernels and
cokernels of the category of $sl_2(mathbb C)$-modules. This makes the latter
category wild in the technical sense. However, the irreducible representations
of the free group on two letters are also more or less unclassifiable.

There is no contradiction between this and the result of Block. His result gives
essentially a classification of irreducibles in terms of equivalence classes of
irreducible polynomials in a twisted polynomial ring over $mathbb C$. So the
consequence is that such polynomials are essentially unclassifiable.

[Added] Intractable depends on your point of view. As an algebraic geometer I agree with Mumford
making (lighthearted) fun of representation theorists that think that wild problems are intractable. After
all we have a perfectly sensible moduli space (in the case of irreducible representations) or moduli stack (in the general case). One should not try to "understand" the points of an algebraic variety but instead try to understand the variety geometrically. Today, I think that this view point has been absorbed to a large degree by representation theory.