The wikipedia article quoted by Jon Bannon mentions using the power-iteration method as readily applicable -- and this is in my experience (for connected graphs, with degrees <5)quite efficient, say starting with the vector with weight 1 for every site. And this wikipedia article mentions several other choices for measuring centrality, besides the "eigenvector centrality". But it does not mention some choices indicated in D. J. Klein, "Centrality Measure in Graphs", J. Math. Chem. 47 (2010) 1209-1223. There centrality measure is suggested to be related to choice of metric or semimetric D on the graph. A couple choices for D yield centrality measures very similar to common measures, and a new "resistive centrality" is noted to result in connection with the choice of D as the "resistance distance" metric.
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